1 Clustring Processed data without auxiliary variables

1.1 Imporved Deep Empedding Clustering on the asthmatic encoded data 3 clusters

1.1.1 Summary table

# results_Kam <- get_ClusterResults(OriginalData = my_imp_data, Labels = kamRes$finalMemb)
table_result <- tableby(clusters ~ ., data = as.list(results_cluster_data))
summary(table_result, title = "Charachtaristcs of Clusters")  
Charachtaristcs of Clusters
0 (N=955) 1 (N=397) 2 (N=543) Total (N=1895) p value
Age < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 42.671 (13.003) 64.738 (9.984) 51.131 (15.427) 49.718 (15.717)
   Range 17.000 - 76.000 20.000 - 97.000 18.000 - 86.000 17.000 - 97.000
Gender 0.324
   No 375 (39.3%) 173 (43.6%) 216 (39.8%) 764 (40.3%)
   Yes 580 (60.7%) 224 (56.4%) 327 (60.2%) 1131 (59.7%)
BMI < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 26.058 (4.348) 29.129 (5.370) 27.315 (4.891) 27.062 (4.880)
   Range 17.029 - 42.595 18.290 - 50.058 17.509 - 48.919 17.029 - 50.058
age at asthma onset as numeeric variable < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 15.883 (12.318) 33.378 (18.943) 22.661 (18.147) 21.490 (17.075)
   Range -1.000 - 65.000 1.000 - 72.000 -1.000 - 70.000 -1.000 - 72.000
Cough < 0.001
   No 708 (74.1%) 202 (50.9%) 347 (63.9%) 1257 (66.3%)
   Yes 247 (25.9%) 195 (49.1%) 196 (36.1%) 638 (33.7%)
Breathlessness < 0.001
   No 349 (36.5%) 121 (30.5%) 148 (27.3%) 618 (32.6%)
   Yes 606 (63.5%) 276 (69.5%) 395 (72.7%) 1277 (67.4%)
Recurrent_wheeze < 0.001
   No 811 (84.9%) 257 (64.7%) 414 (76.2%) 1482 (78.2%)
   Yes 144 (15.1%) 140 (35.3%) 129 (23.8%) 413 (21.8%)
dyspenea < 0.001
   No 845 (88.5%) 227 (57.2%) 410 (75.5%) 1482 (78.2%)
   Yes 110 (11.5%) 170 (42.8%) 133 (24.5%) 413 (21.8%)
Chronic_productive_cough < 0.001
   No 839 (87.9%) 240 (60.5%) 395 (72.7%) 1474 (77.8%)
   Yes 116 (12.1%) 157 (39.5%) 148 (27.3%) 421 (22.2%)
FEV1_FVC_ratio_post < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 0.798 (0.070) 0.713 (0.117) 0.763 (0.099) 0.770 (0.096)
   Range 0.484 - 1.009 0.230 - 1.028 0.340 - 1.590 0.230 - 1.590
Reversibility < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 6.290 (6.394) 8.949 (10.273) 7.986 (7.254) 7.333 (7.677)
   Range -26.774 - 56.067 -20.000 - 77.242 -12.121 - 46.196 -26.774 - 77.242
pd20 < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 1658.220 (2670.652) 2713.327 (1944.502) 1913.705 (1867.254) 1952.471 (2355.058)
   Range -26261.250 - 38775.000 33.570 - 12925.000 -3701.250 - 12925.000 -26261.250 - 38775.000
tlco < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 106.436 (13.513) 84.804 (14.838) 100.286 (20.709) 100.142 (18.166)
   Range 67.252 - 230.491 44.453 - 136.837 44.477 - 389.709 44.453 - 389.709
kco < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 103.638 (12.339) 86.290 (14.706) 100.040 (15.815) 98.972 (15.443)
   Range 69.265 - 144.168 43.704 - 139.418 40.972 - 149.720 40.972 - 149.720
FeNO < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 23.923 (19.303) 24.737 (23.752) 28.865 (25.828) 25.509 (22.386)
   Range 3.300 - 203.000 3.600 - 193.000 5.000 - 226.000 3.300 - 226.000
Eosinophiles < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 0.186 (0.130) 0.216 (0.184) 0.281 (0.186) 0.220 (0.165)
   Range 0.000 - 0.900 0.000 - 2.300 0.040 - 1.200 0.000 - 2.300
Neutrophiles < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 3.516 (1.142) 4.204 (1.630) 4.200 (1.427) 3.856 (1.383)
   Range 1.100 - 7.900 1.300 - 12.500 1.000 - 10.000 1.000 - 12.500
Lymphocyties < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 1.914 (0.556) 1.913 (0.758) 2.154 (0.792) 1.983 (0.683)
   Range 0.600 - 4.800 0.300 - 8.000 0.700 - 11.200 0.300 - 11.200
Monocytes < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 0.386 (0.125) 0.467 (0.195) 0.468 (0.149) 0.426 (0.154)
   Range 0.200 - 1.000 0.200 - 2.400 0.200 - 1.100 0.200 - 2.400
Basophiles < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 0.003 (0.009) 0.006 (0.020) 0.100 (0.020) 0.031 (0.046)
   Range 0.000 - 0.050 0.000 - 0.100 0.000 - 0.300 0.000 - 0.300
spt_any < 0.001
   No 247 (25.9%) 191 (48.1%) 209 (38.5%) 647 (34.1%)
   Yes 708 (74.1%) 206 (51.9%) 334 (61.5%) 1248 (65.9%)
familial_allergy < 0.001
   No 400 (41.9%) 280 (70.5%) 286 (52.7%) 966 (51.0%)
   Yes 555 (58.1%) 117 (29.5%) 257 (47.3%) 929 (49.0%)
Drug_induced_dyspnea 0.054
   No 910 (95.3%) 365 (91.9%) 512 (94.3%) 1787 (94.3%)
   Yes 45 (4.7%) 32 (8.1%) 31 (5.7%) 108 (5.7%)
nasal_plyposis 0.004
   No 577 (60.4%) 209 (52.6%) 287 (52.9%) 1073 (56.6%)
   Yes 378 (39.6%) 188 (47.4%) 256 (47.1%) 822 (43.4%)
Ever_rhinitis < 0.001
   No 351 (36.8%) 118 (29.7%) 133 (24.5%) 602 (31.8%)
   Yes 604 (63.2%) 279 (70.3%) 410 (75.5%) 1293 (68.2%)
gina_steps 0.003
   onlys saba or non users 653 (68.4%) 278 (70.0%) 352 (64.8%) 1283 (67.7%)
   step 1 or 2 169 (17.7%) 57 (14.4%) 111 (20.4%) 337 (17.8%)
   step3 61 (6.4%) 16 (4.0%) 19 (3.5%) 96 (5.1%)
   step4 or 5 72 (7.5%) 46 (11.6%) 61 (11.2%) 179 (9.4%)
Hosptalization_last_year < 0.001
   No 934 (97.8%) 355 (89.4%) 515 (94.8%) 1804 (95.2%)
   Yes 21 (2.2%) 42 (10.6%) 28 (5.2%) 91 (4.8%)
Emergency_last_year < 0.001
   No 855 (89.5%) 288 (72.5%) 446 (82.1%) 1589 (83.9%)
   Yes 100 (10.5%) 109 (27.5%) 97 (17.9%) 306 (16.1%)
severe_asthma < 0.001
   No 835 (87.4%) 316 (79.6%) 437 (80.5%) 1588 (83.8%)
   Yes 120 (12.6%) 81 (20.4%) 106 (19.5%) 307 (16.2%)
gina_control < 0.001
   controlled 413 (43.2%) 123 (31.0%) 181 (33.3%) 717 (37.8%)
   partially controlled 440 (46.1%) 195 (49.1%) 257 (47.3%) 892 (47.1%)
   uncontrolled 102 (10.7%) 79 (19.9%) 105 (19.3%) 286 (15.1%)
education < 0.001
   primary 540 (56.5%) 130 (32.7%) 240 (44.2%) 910 (48.0%)
   secondary 371 (38.8%) 149 (37.5%) 229 (42.2%) 749 (39.5%)
   tertiary 44 (4.6%) 118 (29.7%) 74 (13.6%) 236 (12.5%)
urbanization_level < 0.001
   No 458 (48.0%) 197 (49.6%) 331 (61.0%) 986 (52.0%)
   Yes 497 (52.0%) 200 (50.4%) 212 (39.0%) 909 (48.0%)
smoking_status < 0.001
   never smoker 610 (63.9%) 149 (37.5%) 270 (49.7%) 1029 (54.3%)
   former smokers 288 (30.2%) 199 (50.1%) 212 (39.0%) 699 (36.9%)
   current smoker 57 (6.0%) 49 (12.3%) 61 (11.2%) 167 (8.8%)
pack_years < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 6.390 (6.942) 24.371 (18.767) 12.629 (13.694) 11.945 (14.129)
   Range 0.000 - 64.500 0.000 - 112.500 0.000 - 111.000 0.000 - 112.500
smoking_exposure_at_home < 0.001
   No 408 (42.7%) 121 (30.5%) 190 (35.0%) 719 (37.9%)
   Yes 547 (57.3%) 276 (69.5%) 353 (65.0%) 1176 (62.1%)
smoking_exposure_at_work < 0.001
   No 651 (68.2%) 186 (46.9%) 312 (57.5%) 1149 (60.6%)
   Yes 304 (31.8%) 211 (53.1%) 231 (42.5%) 746 (39.4%)
household_damage 0.111
   No 824 (86.3%) 359 (90.4%) 474 (87.3%) 1657 (87.4%)
   Yes 131 (13.7%) 38 (9.6%) 69 (12.7%) 238 (12.6%)
exertion_triggered_asthma 0.034
   No 365 (38.2%) 163 (41.1%) 180 (33.1%) 708 (37.4%)
   Yes 590 (61.8%) 234 (58.9%) 363 (66.9%) 1187 (62.6%)
infection_triggered_asthma 0.033
   No 391 (40.9%) 162 (40.8%) 187 (34.4%) 740 (39.1%)
   Yes 564 (59.1%) 235 (59.2%) 356 (65.6%) 1155 (60.9%)
allergen_triggered_asthma 0.067
   No 673 (70.5%) 298 (75.1%) 370 (68.1%) 1341 (70.8%)
   Yes 282 (29.5%) 99 (24.9%) 173 (31.9%) 554 (29.2%)
irritant_triggered_asthma 0.308
   No 824 (86.3%) 331 (83.4%) 457 (84.2%) 1612 (85.1%)
   Yes 131 (13.7%) 66 (16.6%) 86 (15.8%) 283 (14.9%)
weather_triggered_asthma 0.007
   No 677 (70.9%) 271 (68.3%) 342 (63.0%) 1290 (68.1%)
   Yes 278 (29.1%) 126 (31.7%) 201 (37.0%) 605 (31.9%)
emotion_triggered_asthma < 0.001
   No 891 (93.3%) 366 (92.2%) 475 (87.5%) 1732 (91.4%)
   Yes 64 (6.7%) 31 (7.8%) 68 (12.5%) 163 (8.6%)
XCOPD < 0.001
   No 907 (95.0%) 282 (71.0%) 466 (85.8%) 1655 (87.3%)
   Yes 48 (5.0%) 115 (29.0%) 77 (14.2%) 240 (12.7%)

1.1.2 Charachtiristic Analysis

catdes(results_cluster_data, dim(results_cluster_data)[2])
## 
## Link between the cluster variable and the categorical variables (chi-square test)
## =================================================================================
##                                 p.value df
## education                  8.466764e-38  4
## dyspenea                   1.932607e-36  2
## XCOPD                      1.264183e-32  2
## Chronic_productive_cough   1.305565e-29  2
## familial_allergy           6.570778e-21  2
## smoking_status             3.436400e-18  4
## Cough                      6.584675e-16  2
## Recurrent_wheeze           1.171835e-15  2
## spt_any                    1.612689e-15  2
## Emergency_last_year        4.644970e-14  2
## smoking_exposure_at_work   5.133708e-13  2
## Hosptalization_last_year   3.977898e-10  2
## gina_control               3.153103e-08  4
## Ever_rhinitis              3.773596e-06  2
## urbanization_level         4.537210e-06  2
## smoking_exposure_at_home   3.248683e-05  2
## severe_asthma              7.987037e-05  2
## emotion_triggered_asthma   4.703511e-04  2
## Breathlessness             6.653636e-04  2
## gina_steps                 2.735099e-03  6
## nasal_plyposis             3.517550e-03  2
## weather_triggered_asthma   6.854829e-03  2
## infection_triggered_asthma 3.331741e-02  2
## exertion_triggered_asthma  3.446631e-02  2
## 
## Description of each cluster by the categories
## =============================================
## $`0`
##                                Cla/Mod   Mod/Cla    Global      p.value
## dyspenea=No                   57.01754 88.481675 78.205805 1.751628e-28
## Chronic_productive_cough=No   56.91995 87.853403 77.783641 5.338179e-27
## XCOPD=No                      54.80363 94.973822 87.335092 4.287884e-25
## smoking_status=never smoker   59.28086 63.874346 54.300792 2.912917e-17
## familial_allergy=Yes          59.74166 58.115183 49.023747 1.308631e-15
## spt_any=Yes                   56.73077 74.136126 65.857520 1.620572e-14
## education=primary             59.34066 56.544503 48.021108 6.559736e-14
## Cough=No                      56.32458 74.136126 66.332454 3.886131e-13
## Recurrent_wheeze=No           54.72335 84.921466 78.205805 7.587274e-13
## Emergency_last_year=No        53.80743 89.528796 83.852243 9.674903e-12
## smoking_exposure_at_work=No   56.65796 68.167539 60.633245 1.253808e-11
## Hosptalization_last_year=No   51.77384 97.801047 95.197889 5.416356e-08
## gina_control=controlled       57.60112 43.246073 37.836412 9.794056e-07
## Ever_rhinitis=No              58.30565 36.753927 31.767810 2.582616e-06
## severe_asthma=No              52.58186 87.434555 83.799472 1.468575e-05
## smoking_exposure_at_home=No   56.74548 42.722513 37.941953 1.541434e-05
## Breathlessness=No             56.47249 36.544503 32.612137 2.333367e-04
## urbanization_level=Yes        54.67547 52.041885 47.968338 3.490854e-04
## nasal_plyposis=No             53.77446 60.418848 56.622691 7.828313e-04
## emotion_triggered_asthma=No   51.44342 93.298429 91.398417 2.959205e-03
## weather_triggered_asthma=No   52.48062 70.890052 68.073879 8.092322e-03
## gina_steps=step3              63.54167  6.387435  5.065963 8.206922e-03
## weather_triggered_asthma=Yes  45.95041 29.109948 31.926121 8.092322e-03
## gina_steps=step4 or 5         40.22346  7.539267  9.445910 4.259017e-03
## emotion_triggered_asthma=Yes  39.26380  6.701571  8.601583 2.959205e-03
## nasal_plyposis=Yes            45.98540 39.581152 43.377309 7.828313e-04
## urbanization_level=No         46.45030 47.958115 52.031662 3.490854e-04
## Breathlessness=Yes            47.45497 63.455497 67.387863 2.333367e-04
## smoking_exposure_at_home=Yes  46.51361 57.277487 62.058047 1.541434e-05
## severe_asthma=Yes             39.08795 12.565445 16.200528 1.468575e-05
## smoking_status=current smoker 34.13174  5.968586  8.812665 9.924599e-06
## Ever_rhinitis=Yes             46.71307 63.246073 68.232190 2.582616e-06
## gina_control=uncontrolled     35.66434 10.680628 15.092348 5.762783e-08
## Hosptalization_last_year=Yes  23.07692  2.198953  4.802111 5.416356e-08
## smoking_status=former smokers 41.20172 30.157068 36.886544 9.104283e-10
## smoking_exposure_at_work=Yes  40.75067 31.832461 39.366755 1.253808e-11
## Emergency_last_year=Yes       32.67974 10.471204 16.147757 9.674903e-12
## Recurrent_wheeze=Yes          34.86683 15.078534 21.794195 7.587274e-13
## Cough=Yes                     38.71473 25.863874 33.667546 3.886131e-13
## spt_any=No                    38.17620 25.863874 34.142480 1.620572e-14
## familial_allergy=No           41.40787 41.884817 50.976253 1.308631e-15
## XCOPD=Yes                     20.00000  5.026178 12.664908 4.287884e-25
## education=tertiary            18.64407  4.607330 12.453826 6.580159e-27
## Chronic_productive_cough=Yes  27.55344 12.146597 22.216359 5.338179e-27
## dyspenea=Yes                  26.63438 11.518325 21.794195 1.751628e-28
##                                   v.test
## dyspenea=No                    11.070122
## Chronic_productive_cough=No    10.759634
## XCOPD=No                       10.347671
## smoking_status=never smoker     8.450004
## familial_allergy=Yes            7.993780
## spt_any=Yes                     7.677631
## education=primary               7.496394
## Cough=No                        7.259469
## Recurrent_wheeze=No             7.168412
## Emergency_last_year=No          6.811258
## smoking_exposure_at_work=No     6.773872
## Hosptalization_last_year=No     5.437071
## gina_control=controlled         4.895732
## Ever_rhinitis=No                4.701497
## severe_asthma=No                4.333350
## smoking_exposure_at_home=No     4.322683
## Breathlessness=No               3.679888
## urbanization_level=Yes          3.575855
## nasal_plyposis=No               3.358795
## emotion_triggered_asthma=No     2.971944
## weather_triggered_asthma=No     2.648193
## gina_steps=step3                2.643436
## weather_triggered_asthma=Yes   -2.648193
## gina_steps=step4 or 5          -2.858312
## emotion_triggered_asthma=Yes   -2.971944
## nasal_plyposis=Yes             -3.358795
## urbanization_level=No          -3.575855
## Breathlessness=Yes             -3.679888
## smoking_exposure_at_home=Yes   -4.322683
## severe_asthma=Yes              -4.333350
## smoking_status=current smoker  -4.418810
## Ever_rhinitis=Yes              -4.701497
## gina_control=uncontrolled      -5.426010
## Hosptalization_last_year=Yes   -5.437071
## smoking_status=former smokers  -6.124370
## smoking_exposure_at_work=Yes   -6.773872
## Emergency_last_year=Yes        -6.811258
## Recurrent_wheeze=Yes           -7.168412
## Cough=Yes                      -7.259469
## spt_any=No                     -7.677631
## familial_allergy=No            -7.993780
## XCOPD=Yes                     -10.347671
## education=tertiary            -10.740340
## Chronic_productive_cough=Yes  -10.759634
## dyspenea=Yes                  -11.070122
## 
## $`1`
##                                Cla/Mod   Mod/Cla    Global      p.value
## dyspenea=Yes                  41.16223 42.821159 21.794195 3.899512e-27
## education=tertiary            50.00000 29.722922 12.453826 8.601147e-27
## XCOPD=Yes                     47.91667 28.967254 12.664908 6.489711e-24
## Chronic_productive_cough=Yes  37.29216 39.546599 22.216359 5.662958e-19
## familial_allergy=No           28.98551 70.528967 50.976253 7.808303e-19
## Cough=Yes                     30.56426 49.118388 33.667546 7.034506e-13
## Recurrent_wheeze=Yes          33.89831 35.264484 21.794195 2.363681e-12
## Emergency_last_year=Yes       35.62092 27.455919 16.147757 6.507180e-11
## spt_any=No                    29.52087 48.110831 34.142480 9.135132e-11
## smoking_exposure_at_work=Yes  28.28418 53.148615 39.366755 3.997970e-10
## smoking_status=former smokers 28.46924 50.125945 36.886544 1.326465e-09
## Hosptalization_last_year=Yes  46.15385 10.579345  4.802111 3.657191e-08
## smoking_exposure_at_home=Yes  23.46939 69.521411 62.058047 5.071492e-04
## gina_control=uncontrolled     27.62238 19.899244 15.092348 3.414147e-03
## smoking_status=current smoker 29.34132 12.342569  8.812665 7.150165e-03
## severe_asthma=Yes             26.38436 20.403023 16.200528 1.239246e-02
## Drug_induced_dyspnea=Yes      29.62963  8.060453  5.699208 2.805763e-02
## allergen_triggered_asthma=No  22.22222 75.062972 70.765172 3.295889e-02
## household_damage=No           21.66566 90.428212 87.440633 3.978242e-02
## gina_steps=step 1 or 2        16.91395 14.357683 17.783641 4.201864e-02
## household_damage=Yes          15.96639  9.571788 12.559367 3.978242e-02
## allergen_triggered_asthma=Yes 17.87004 24.937028 29.234828 3.295889e-02
## Drug_induced_dyspnea=No       20.42529 91.939547 94.300792 2.805763e-02
## severe_asthma=No              19.89924 79.596977 83.799472 1.239246e-02
## gina_control=controlled       17.15481 30.982368 37.836412 1.415909e-03
## smoking_exposure_at_home=No   16.82893 30.478589 37.941953 5.071492e-04
## Hosptalization_last_year=No   19.67849 89.420655 95.197889 3.657191e-08
## smoking_exposure_at_work=No   16.18799 46.851385 60.633245 3.997970e-10
## spt_any=Yes                   16.50641 51.889169 65.857520 9.135132e-11
## Emergency_last_year=No        18.12461 72.544081 83.852243 6.507180e-11
## education=primary             14.28571 32.745592 48.021108 5.004501e-12
## Recurrent_wheeze=No           17.34143 64.735516 78.205805 2.363681e-12
## Cough=No                      16.07001 50.881612 66.332454 7.034506e-13
## smoking_status=never smoker   14.48008 37.531486 54.300792 4.846427e-14
## familial_allergy=Yes          12.59419 29.471033 49.023747 7.808303e-19
## Chronic_productive_cough=No   16.28223 60.453401 77.783641 5.662958e-19
## XCOPD=No                      17.03927 71.032746 87.335092 6.489711e-24
## dyspenea=No                   15.31714 57.178841 78.205805 3.899512e-27
##                                   v.test
## dyspenea=Yes                   10.788536
## education=tertiary             10.715585
## XCOPD=Yes                      10.084192
## Chronic_productive_cough=Yes    8.898455
## familial_allergy=No             8.862724
## Cough=Yes                       7.178763
## Recurrent_wheeze=Yes            7.011149
## Emergency_last_year=Yes         6.531598
## spt_any=No                      6.480612
## smoking_exposure_at_work=Yes    6.254107
## smoking_status=former smokers   6.064158
## Hosptalization_last_year=Yes    5.506654
## smoking_exposure_at_home=Yes    3.476952
## gina_control=uncontrolled       2.927759
## smoking_status=current smoker   2.689768
## severe_asthma=Yes               2.500767
## Drug_induced_dyspnea=Yes        2.196480
## allergen_triggered_asthma=No    2.132584
## household_damage=No             2.056001
## gina_steps=step 1 or 2         -2.033336
## household_damage=Yes           -2.056001
## allergen_triggered_asthma=Yes  -2.132584
## Drug_induced_dyspnea=No        -2.196480
## severe_asthma=No               -2.500767
## gina_control=controlled        -3.191388
## smoking_exposure_at_home=No    -3.476952
## Hosptalization_last_year=No    -5.506654
## smoking_exposure_at_work=No    -6.254107
## spt_any=Yes                    -6.480612
## Emergency_last_year=No         -6.531598
## education=primary              -6.905449
## Recurrent_wheeze=No            -7.011149
## Cough=No                       -7.178763
## smoking_status=never smoker    -7.535990
## familial_allergy=Yes           -8.862724
## Chronic_productive_cough=No    -8.898455
## XCOPD=No                      -10.084192
## dyspenea=No                   -10.788536
## 
## $`2`
##                                 Cla/Mod   Mod/Cla    Global      p.value
## urbanization_level=No          33.56998 60.957643 52.031662 7.840282e-07
## Ever_rhinitis=Yes              31.70920 75.506446 68.232190 1.274574e-05
## emotion_triggered_asthma=Yes   41.71779 12.523020  8.601583 1.912227e-04
## Chronic_productive_cough=Yes   35.15439 27.255985 22.216359 9.794868e-04
## gina_control=uncontrolled      36.71329 19.337017 15.092348 1.345849e-03
## Breathlessness=Yes             30.93187 72.744015 67.387863 1.498340e-03
## weather_triggered_asthma=Yes   33.22314 37.016575 31.926121 2.804268e-03
## infection_triggered_asthma=Yes 30.82251 65.561694 60.949868 8.915430e-03
## spt_any=No                     32.30294 38.489871 34.142480 1.192917e-02
## severe_asthma=Yes              34.52769 19.521179 16.200528 1.426313e-02
## exertion_triggered_asthma=Yes  30.58130 66.850829 62.638522 1.599374e-02
## smoking_status=current smoker  36.52695 11.233886  8.812665 2.104577e-02
## nasal_plyposis=Yes             31.14355 47.145488 43.377309 3.642048e-02
## gina_steps=step3               19.79167  3.499079  5.065963 4.456487e-02
## nasal_plyposis=No              26.74744 52.854512 56.622691 3.642048e-02
## education=primary              26.37363 44.198895 48.021108 3.490587e-02
## exertion_triggered_asthma=No   25.42373 33.149171 37.361478 1.599374e-02
## severe_asthma=No               27.51889 80.478821 83.799472 1.426313e-02
## spt_any=Yes                    26.76282 61.510129 65.857520 1.192917e-02
## smoking_status=never smoker    26.23907 49.723757 54.300792 1.142906e-02
## gina_control=controlled        25.24407 33.333333 37.836412 1.018202e-02
## infection_triggered_asthma=No  25.27027 34.438306 39.050132 8.915430e-03
## weather_triggered_asthma=No    26.51163 62.983425 68.073879 2.804268e-03
## Breathlessness=No              23.94822 27.255985 32.612137 1.498340e-03
## Chronic_productive_cough=No    26.79783 72.744015 77.783641 9.794868e-04
## emotion_triggered_asthma=No    27.42494 87.476980 91.398417 1.912227e-04
## Ever_rhinitis=No               22.09302 24.493554 31.767810 1.274574e-05
## urbanization_level=Yes         23.32233 39.042357 47.968338 7.840282e-07
##                                   v.test
## urbanization_level=No           4.939302
## Ever_rhinitis=Yes               4.364425
## emotion_triggered_asthma=Yes    3.730338
## Chronic_productive_cough=Yes    3.296354
## gina_control=uncontrolled       3.206020
## Breathlessness=Yes              3.175005
## weather_triggered_asthma=Yes    2.988417
## infection_triggered_asthma=Yes  2.615280
## spt_any=No                      2.514233
## severe_asthma=Yes               2.450567
## exertion_triggered_asthma=Yes   2.409058
## smoking_status=current smoker   2.307162
## nasal_plyposis=Yes              2.092202
## gina_steps=step3               -2.008739
## nasal_plyposis=No              -2.092202
## education=primary              -2.109449
## exertion_triggered_asthma=No   -2.409058
## severe_asthma=No               -2.450567
## spt_any=Yes                    -2.514233
## smoking_status=never smoker    -2.529299
## gina_control=controlled        -2.569586
## infection_triggered_asthma=No  -2.615280
## weather_triggered_asthma=No    -2.988417
## Breathlessness=No              -3.175005
## Chronic_productive_cough=No    -3.296354
## emotion_triggered_asthma=No    -3.730338
## Ever_rhinitis=No               -4.364425
## urbanization_level=Yes         -4.939302
## 
## 
## Link between the cluster variable and the quantitative variables
## ================================================================
##                            Eta2       P-value
## Basophiles          0.889590036  0.000000e+00
## Age                 0.295123189 2.065900e-144
## pack_years          0.240751915 6.966029e-114
## tlco                0.209958064  1.503269e-97
## kco                 0.188763354  1.131338e-86
## onset_age_asthma    0.157322700  4.737894e-71
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post 0.119194115  7.189130e-53
## Monocytes           0.070253255  1.182972e-30
## Neutrophiles        0.061543629  8.011729e-27
## Eosinophiles        0.060025777  3.695583e-26
## BMI                 0.059671496  5.278404e-26
## pd20                0.029827432  3.623642e-13
## Lymphocytes         0.025257488  3.089247e-11
## Reversibility       0.020671683  2.619289e-09
## FeNO                0.009222953  1.560401e-04
## 
## Description of each cluster by quantitative variables
## =====================================================
## $`0`
##                         v.test Mean in category Overall mean sd in category
## tlco                 15.201883     1.064360e+02 1.001420e+02   1.350624e+01
## kco                  13.255510     1.036379e+02 9.897243e+01   1.233246e+01
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post  12.774437     7.979581e-01 7.699727e-01   7.025519e-02
## FeNO                 -3.110098     2.392251e+01 2.550929e+01   1.929250e+01
## Lymphocytes          -4.388328     1.914471e+00 1.982802e+00   5.556288e-01
## pd20                 -5.482254     1.658220e+03 1.952471e+03   2.669253e+03
## Reversibility        -5.961762     6.289978e+00 7.333086e+00   6.390588e+00
## Eosinophiles         -8.832654     1.864607e-01 2.196359e-01   1.302886e-01
## BMI                  -9.019472     2.605850e+01 2.706171e+01   4.345589e+00
## Neutrophiles        -10.796400     3.515832e+00 3.856132e+00   1.141669e+00
## Monocytes           -11.534064     3.858429e-01 4.264011e-01   1.247414e-01
## onset_age_asthma    -14.409511     1.588272e+01 2.149024e+01   1.231178e+01
## pack_years          -17.250577     6.389570e+00 1.194451e+01   6.938524e+00
## Age                 -19.673801     4.267120e+01 4.971821e+01   1.299645e+01
## Basophiles          -27.158675     2.680628e-03 3.133509e-02   8.998987e-03
##                       Overall sd       p.value
## tlco                1.816168e+01  3.435997e-52
## kco                 1.543910e+01  4.192587e-40
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post 9.609862e-02  2.277887e-37
## FeNO                2.238045e+01  1.870253e-03
## Lymphocytes         6.830395e-01  1.142254e-05
## pd20                2.354436e+03  4.199404e-08
## Reversibility       7.675073e+00  2.495328e-09
## Eosinophiles        1.647591e-01  1.022212e-18
## BMI                 4.879071e+00  1.889982e-19
## Neutrophiles        1.382643e+00  3.579666e-27
## Monocytes           1.542493e-01  8.884861e-31
## onset_age_asthma    1.707061e+01  4.508884e-47
## pack_years          1.412548e+01  1.107871e-66
## Age                 1.571245e+01  3.616301e-86
## Basophiles          4.628193e-02 1.999964e-162
## 
## $`1`
##                         v.test Mean in category Overall mean sd in category
## Age                  21.416598     6.473804e+01 4.971821e+01   9.971591e+00
## pack_years           19.710009     2.437135e+01 1.194451e+01   1.874286e+01
## onset_age_asthma     15.601791     3.337783e+01 2.149024e+01   1.891898e+01
## BMI                   9.490606     2.912852e+01 2.706171e+01   5.363724e+00
## pd20                  7.240108     2.713327e+03 1.952471e+03   1.942051e+03
## Monocytes             5.849664     4.666751e-01 4.264011e-01   1.945945e-01
## Neutrophiles          5.634040     4.203829e+00 3.856132e+00   1.627679e+00
## Reversibility         4.717609     8.949212e+00 7.333086e+00   1.026050e+01
## Lymphocytes          -2.292948     1.912897e+00 1.982802e+00   7.568018e-01
## Basophiles          -12.217897     6.095718e-03 3.133509e-02   1.971129e-02
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post -13.390300     7.125375e-01 7.699727e-01   1.169122e-01
## kco                 -18.404553     8.628955e+01 9.897243e+01   1.468720e+01
## tlco                -18.920649     8.480418e+01 1.001420e+02   1.481884e+01
##                       Overall sd       p.value
## Age                 1.571245e+01 9.357834e-102
## pack_years          1.412548e+01  1.769361e-86
## onset_age_asthma    1.707061e+01  7.078042e-55
## BMI                 4.879071e+00  2.296956e-21
## pd20                2.354436e+03  4.483265e-13
## Monocytes           1.542493e-01  4.925668e-09
## Neutrophiles        1.382643e+00  1.760359e-08
## Reversibility       7.675073e+00  2.386328e-06
## Lymphocytes         6.830395e-01  2.185102e-02
## Basophiles          4.628193e-02  2.494540e-34
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post 9.609862e-02  6.890208e-41
## kco                 1.543910e+01  1.207763e-75
## tlco                1.816168e+01  7.709915e-80
## 
## $`2`
##                        v.test Mean in category Overall mean sd in category
## Basophiles          41.028740        0.1001842   0.03133509     0.01997151
## Eosinophiles        10.237438        0.2807919   0.21963588     0.18558037
## Monocytes            7.489445        0.4682873   0.42640106     0.14882293
## Lymphocytes          6.916371        2.1540884   1.98280211     0.79078105
## Neutrophiles         6.867805        4.2004236   3.85613193     1.42535550
## FeNO                 4.134843       28.8645488  25.50928760    25.80411174
## Age                  2.479484       51.1307551  49.71820580    15.41254161
## Reversibility        2.346480        7.9860632   7.33308613     7.24773273
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post -2.074162        0.7627457   0.76997268     0.09855523
##                      Overall sd      p.value
## Basophiles           0.04628193 0.000000e+00
## Eosinophiles         0.16475912 1.347582e-24
## Monocytes            0.15424932 6.916532e-14
## Lymphocytes          0.68303954 4.633588e-12
## Neutrophiles         1.38264302 6.519710e-12
## FeNO                22.38045429 3.551978e-05
## Age                 15.71244775 1.315726e-02
## Reversibility        7.67507328 1.895166e-02
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post  0.09609862 3.806425e-02

1.1.3 Radar Plots

radar_plot(labeled_original_data = results_cluster_data, clusters = results_cluster_data$clusters)

1.1.4 parallel box plots

1.1.5 parallel coordinate plot

1.2 Deep Empedding Clustering on the asthmatic encoded data 3 clusters

1.2.1 Summary table

# results_Kam <- get_ClusterResults(OriginalData = my_imp_data, Labels = kamRes$finalMemb)
table_result <- tableby(clusters ~ ., data = as.list(results_cluster_data))
summary(table_result, title = "Charachtaristcs of Clusters")  
Charachtaristcs of Clusters
0 (N=559) 1 (N=656) 2 (N=680) Total (N=1895) p value
Age < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 65.052 (9.199) 42.290 (13.678) 44.279 (12.747) 49.718 (15.717)
   Range 28.000 - 86.000 17.000 - 97.000 18.000 - 78.000 17.000 - 97.000
Gender 0.068
   No 221 (39.5%) 287 (43.8%) 256 (37.6%) 764 (40.3%)
   Yes 338 (60.5%) 369 (56.2%) 424 (62.4%) 1131 (59.7%)
BMI < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 28.041 (4.807) 25.666 (4.263) 27.602 (5.191) 27.062 (4.880)
   Range 17.603 - 48.870 17.029 - 46.094 17.509 - 50.058 17.029 - 50.058
age at asthma onset as numeeric variable < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 35.342 (18.937) 14.855 (11.873) 16.504 (12.538) 21.490 (17.075)
   Range 1.000 - 72.000 -1.000 - 62.000 -1.000 - 68.000 -1.000 - 72.000
Cough < 0.001
   No 291 (52.1%) 524 (79.9%) 442 (65.0%) 1257 (66.3%)
   Yes 268 (47.9%) 132 (20.1%) 238 (35.0%) 638 (33.7%)
Breathlessness < 0.001
   No 174 (31.1%) 344 (52.4%) 100 (14.7%) 618 (32.6%)
   Yes 385 (68.9%) 312 (47.6%) 580 (85.3%) 1277 (67.4%)
Recurrent_wheeze < 0.001
   No 381 (68.2%) 595 (90.7%) 506 (74.4%) 1482 (78.2%)
   Yes 178 (31.8%) 61 (9.3%) 174 (25.6%) 413 (21.8%)
dyspenea < 0.001
   No 325 (58.1%) 596 (90.9%) 561 (82.5%) 1482 (78.2%)
   Yes 234 (41.9%) 60 (9.1%) 119 (17.5%) 413 (21.8%)
Chronic_productive_cough < 0.001
   No 348 (62.3%) 592 (90.2%) 534 (78.5%) 1474 (77.8%)
   Yes 211 (37.7%) 64 (9.8%) 146 (21.5%) 421 (22.2%)
FEV1_FVC_ratio_post < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 0.710 (0.119) 0.806 (0.066) 0.784 (0.075) 0.770 (0.096)
   Range 0.230 - 1.590 0.557 - 1.009 0.524 - 1.000 0.230 - 1.590
Reversibility < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 9.400 (9.882) 4.687 (4.788) 8.187 (7.143) 7.333 (7.677)
   Range -12.121 - 77.242 -26.774 - 35.757 -9.470 - 53.704 -26.774 - 77.242
pd20 < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 2870.432 (1995.504) 1707.770 (2894.928) 1433.918 (1758.732) 1952.471 (2355.058)
   Range 0.059 - 13923.750 -26261.250 - 38775.000 -2562.590 - 19387.500 -26261.250 - 38775.000
tlco < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 84.785 (14.530) 104.451 (12.595) 108.610 (17.611) 100.142 (18.166)
   Range 44.453 - 136.837 63.818 - 148.214 68.403 - 389.709 44.453 - 389.709
kco < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 86.714 (14.512) 101.101 (11.865) 106.997 (12.798) 98.972 (15.443)
   Range 40.972 - 139.418 69.866 - 142.603 60.955 - 149.720 40.972 - 149.720
FeNO < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 23.508 (21.201) 19.964 (12.262) 32.504 (28.311) 25.509 (22.386)
   Range 3.600 - 168.000 3.300 - 96.000 5.000 - 226.000 3.300 - 226.000
Eosinophiles < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 0.242 (0.189) 0.166 (0.107) 0.253 (0.176) 0.220 (0.165)
   Range 0.000 - 2.300 0.000 - 0.900 0.000 - 1.200 0.000 - 2.300
Neutrophiles < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 4.362 (1.580) 3.410 (1.074) 3.871 (1.330) 3.856 (1.383)
   Range 1.300 - 12.500 1.300 - 7.200 1.000 - 10.600 1.000 - 12.500
Lymphocyties < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 2.075 (0.909) 1.906 (0.544) 1.981 (0.570) 1.983 (0.683)
   Range 0.300 - 11.200 0.600 - 4.100 0.600 - 5.000 0.300 - 11.200
Monocytes < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 0.475 (0.185) 0.379 (0.123) 0.431 (0.140) 0.426 (0.154)
   Range 0.200 - 2.400 0.200 - 1.000 0.200 - 1.100 0.200 - 2.400
Basophiles < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 0.039 (0.050) 0.015 (0.034) 0.041 (0.050) 0.031 (0.046)
   Range 0.000 - 0.300 0.000 - 0.190 0.000 - 0.200 0.000 - 0.300
spt_any < 0.001
   No 319 (57.1%) 171 (26.1%) 157 (23.1%) 647 (34.1%)
   Yes 240 (42.9%) 485 (73.9%) 523 (76.9%) 1248 (65.9%)
familial_allergy < 0.001
   No 386 (69.1%) 325 (49.5%) 255 (37.5%) 966 (51.0%)
   Yes 173 (30.9%) 331 (50.5%) 425 (62.5%) 929 (49.0%)
Drug_induced_dyspnea 0.299
   No 521 (93.2%) 625 (95.3%) 641 (94.3%) 1787 (94.3%)
   Yes 38 (6.8%) 31 (4.7%) 39 (5.7%) 108 (5.7%)
nasal_plyposis 0.001
   No 281 (50.3%) 384 (58.5%) 408 (60.0%) 1073 (56.6%)
   Yes 278 (49.7%) 272 (41.5%) 272 (40.0%) 822 (43.4%)
Ever_rhinitis < 0.001
   No 127 (22.7%) 257 (39.2%) 218 (32.1%) 602 (31.8%)
   Yes 432 (77.3%) 399 (60.8%) 462 (67.9%) 1293 (68.2%)
gina_steps < 0.001
   onlys saba or non users 361 (64.6%) 555 (84.6%) 367 (54.0%) 1283 (67.7%)
   step 1 or 2 88 (15.7%) 75 (11.4%) 174 (25.6%) 337 (17.8%)
   step3 25 (4.5%) 17 (2.6%) 54 (7.9%) 96 (5.1%)
   step4 or 5 85 (15.2%) 9 (1.4%) 85 (12.5%) 179 (9.4%)
Hosptalization_last_year < 0.001
   No 498 (89.1%) 644 (98.2%) 662 (97.4%) 1804 (95.2%)
   Yes 61 (10.9%) 12 (1.8%) 18 (2.6%) 91 (4.8%)
Emergency_last_year < 0.001
   No 409 (73.2%) 599 (91.3%) 581 (85.4%) 1589 (83.9%)
   Yes 150 (26.8%) 57 (8.7%) 99 (14.6%) 306 (16.1%)
severe_asthma < 0.001
   No 424 (75.8%) 625 (95.3%) 539 (79.3%) 1588 (83.8%)
   Yes 135 (24.2%) 31 (4.7%) 141 (20.7%) 307 (16.2%)
gina_control < 0.001
   controlled 158 (28.3%) 342 (52.1%) 217 (31.9%) 717 (37.8%)
   partially controlled 287 (51.3%) 261 (39.8%) 344 (50.6%) 892 (47.1%)
   uncontrolled 114 (20.4%) 53 (8.1%) 119 (17.5%) 286 (15.1%)
education < 0.001
   primary 181 (32.4%) 361 (55.0%) 368 (54.1%) 910 (48.0%)
   secondary 214 (38.3%) 260 (39.6%) 275 (40.4%) 749 (39.5%)
   tertiary 164 (29.3%) 35 (5.3%) 37 (5.4%) 236 (12.5%)
urbanization_level < 0.001
   No 324 (58.0%) 280 (42.7%) 382 (56.2%) 986 (52.0%)
   Yes 235 (42.0%) 376 (57.3%) 298 (43.8%) 909 (48.0%)
smoking_status < 0.001
   never smoker 173 (30.9%) 434 (66.2%) 422 (62.1%) 1029 (54.3%)
   former smokers 295 (52.8%) 189 (28.8%) 215 (31.6%) 699 (36.9%)
   current smoker 91 (16.3%) 33 (5.0%) 43 (6.3%) 167 (8.8%)
pack_years < 0.001
   Mean (SD) 25.409 (18.092) 5.755 (6.031) 6.847 (6.364) 11.945 (14.129)
   Range 0.000 - 112.500 0.000 - 33.750 0.000 - 36.000 0.000 - 112.500
smoking_exposure_at_home < 0.001
   No 132 (23.6%) 310 (47.3%) 277 (40.7%) 719 (37.9%)
   Yes 427 (76.4%) 346 (52.7%) 403 (59.3%) 1176 (62.1%)
smoking_exposure_at_work < 0.001
   No 230 (41.1%) 474 (72.3%) 445 (65.4%) 1149 (60.6%)
   Yes 329 (58.9%) 182 (27.7%) 235 (34.6%) 746 (39.4%)
household_damage 0.003
   No 510 (91.2%) 557 (84.9%) 590 (86.8%) 1657 (87.4%)
   Yes 49 (8.8%) 99 (15.1%) 90 (13.2%) 238 (12.6%)
exertion_triggered_asthma < 0.001
   No 213 (38.1%) 420 (64.0%) 75 (11.0%) 708 (37.4%)
   Yes 346 (61.9%) 236 (36.0%) 605 (89.0%) 1187 (62.6%)
infection_triggered_asthma < 0.001
   No 207 (37.0%) 442 (67.4%) 91 (13.4%) 740 (39.1%)
   Yes 352 (63.0%) 214 (32.6%) 589 (86.6%) 1155 (60.9%)
allergen_triggered_asthma < 0.001
   No 432 (77.3%) 560 (85.4%) 349 (51.3%) 1341 (70.8%)
   Yes 127 (22.7%) 96 (14.6%) 331 (48.7%) 554 (29.2%)
irritant_triggered_asthma < 0.001
   No 485 (86.8%) 624 (95.1%) 503 (74.0%) 1612 (85.1%)
   Yes 74 (13.2%) 32 (4.9%) 177 (26.0%) 283 (14.9%)
weather_triggered_asthma < 0.001
   No 394 (70.5%) 604 (92.1%) 292 (42.9%) 1290 (68.1%)
   Yes 165 (29.5%) 52 (7.9%) 388 (57.1%) 605 (31.9%)
emotion_triggered_asthma < 0.001
   No 510 (91.2%) 652 (99.4%) 570 (83.8%) 1732 (91.4%)
   Yes 49 (8.8%) 4 (0.6%) 110 (16.2%) 163 (8.6%)
XCOPD < 0.001
   No 387 (69.2%) 630 (96.0%) 638 (93.8%) 1655 (87.3%)
   Yes 172 (30.8%) 26 (4.0%) 42 (6.2%) 240 (12.7%)

1.2.2 Charachtiristic Analysis

catdes(results_cluster_data, dim(results_cluster_data)[2])
## 
## Link between the cluster variable and the categorical variables (chi-square test)
## =================================================================================
##                                 p.value df
## infection_triggered_asthma 7.770721e-90  2
## exertion_triggered_asthma  8.920707e-88  2
## weather_triggered_asthma   1.021583e-81  2
## XCOPD                      4.557274e-52  2
## Breathlessness             7.153113e-48  2
## education                  5.927730e-47  4
## allergen_triggered_asthma  7.120301e-45  2
## dyspenea                   2.275136e-44  2
## spt_any                    2.990235e-41  2
## smoking_status             3.120667e-39  4
## gina_steps                 9.319070e-36  6
## Chronic_productive_cough   1.635677e-30  2
## smoking_exposure_at_work   1.562552e-29  2
## familial_allergy           1.914809e-27  2
## irritant_triggered_asthma  1.193890e-26  2
## Cough                      1.267104e-23  2
## emotion_triggered_asthma   4.427578e-23  2
## severe_asthma              1.979200e-22  2
## Recurrent_wheeze           3.258712e-22  2
## gina_control               5.926539e-21  4
## Emergency_last_year        4.317374e-17  2
## smoking_exposure_at_home   4.769782e-17  2
## Hosptalization_last_year   6.802227e-15  2
## Ever_rhinitis              6.332159e-09  2
## urbanization_level         1.931187e-08  2
## nasal_plyposis             1.277352e-03  2
## household_damage           3.281938e-03  2
## 
## Description of each cluster by the categories
## =============================================
## $`0`
##                                    Cla/Mod   Mod/Cla    Global      p.value
## XCOPD=Yes                         71.66667 30.769231 12.664908 5.944927e-48
## education=tertiary                69.49153 29.338104 12.453826 1.757778e-42
## spt_any=No                        49.30448 57.066190 34.142480 5.661621e-41
## dyspenea=Yes                      56.65860 41.860465 21.794195 9.563530e-40
## smoking_exposure_at_work=Yes      44.10188 58.855098 39.366755 7.243320e-29
## familial_allergy=No               39.95859 69.051878 50.976253 9.550156e-25
## Chronic_productive_cough=Yes      50.11876 37.745975 22.216359 2.267578e-24
## smoking_status=former smokers     42.20315 52.772809 36.886544 4.674902e-20
## smoking_exposure_at_home=Yes      36.30952 76.386404 62.058047 2.160771e-17
## Cough=Yes                         42.00627 47.942755 33.667546 5.045310e-17
## Emergency_last_year=Yes           49.01961 26.833631 16.147757 3.224529e-15
## Hosptalization_last_year=Yes      67.03297 10.912343  4.802111 3.991604e-14
## smoking_status=current smoker     54.49102 16.279070  8.812665 1.654341e-12
## Recurrent_wheeze=Yes              43.09927 31.842576 21.794195 2.340878e-11
## severe_asthma=Yes                 43.97394 24.150268 16.200528 3.743826e-09
## Ever_rhinitis=Yes                 33.41067 77.280859 68.232190 2.622019e-08
## gina_steps=step4 or 5             47.48603 15.205725  9.445910 9.880220e-08
## allergen_triggered_asthma=No      32.21477 77.280859 70.765172 4.409344e-05
## gina_control=uncontrolled         39.86014 20.393560 15.092348 4.659714e-05
## nasal_plyposis=Yes                33.81995 49.731664 43.377309 3.203071e-04
## urbanization_level=No             32.86004 57.960644 52.031662 8.284634e-04
## household_damage=No               30.77852 91.234347 87.440633 9.577649e-04
## gina_control=partially controlled 32.17489 51.341682 47.071240 1.617065e-02
## household_damage=Yes              20.58824  8.765653 12.559367 9.577649e-04
## urbanization_level=Yes            25.85259 42.039356 47.968338 8.284634e-04
## nasal_plyposis=No                 26.18826 50.268336 56.622691 3.203071e-04
## allergen_triggered_asthma=Yes     22.92419 22.719141 29.234828 4.409344e-05
## Ever_rhinitis=No                  21.09635 22.719141 31.767810 2.622019e-08
## gina_control=controlled           22.03626 28.264758 37.836412 1.918175e-08
## severe_asthma=No                  26.70025 75.849732 83.799472 3.743826e-09
## Recurrent_wheeze=No               25.70850 68.157424 78.205805 2.340878e-11
## Hosptalization_last_year=No       27.60532 89.087657 95.197889 3.991604e-14
## Emergency_last_year=No            25.73946 73.166369 83.852243 3.224529e-15
## Cough=No                          23.15036 52.057245 66.332454 5.045310e-17
## smoking_exposure_at_home=No       18.35883 23.613596 37.941953 2.160771e-17
## education=primary                 19.89011 32.379249 48.021108 6.518154e-19
## Chronic_productive_cough=No       23.60923 62.254025 77.783641 2.267578e-24
## familial_allergy=Yes              18.62217 30.948122 49.023747 9.550156e-25
## smoking_exposure_at_work=No       20.01741 41.144902 60.633245 7.243320e-29
## dyspenea=No                       21.92982 58.139535 78.205805 9.563530e-40
## smoking_status=never smoker       16.81244 30.948122 54.300792 3.586091e-40
## spt_any=Yes                       19.23077 42.933810 65.857520 5.661621e-41
## XCOPD=No                          23.38369 69.230769 87.335092 5.944927e-48
##                                       v.test
## XCOPD=Yes                          14.548785
## education=tertiary                 13.660085
## spt_any=No                         13.404878
## dyspenea=Yes                       13.193503
## smoking_exposure_at_work=Yes       11.148978
## familial_allergy=No                10.270708
## Chronic_productive_cough=Yes       10.186954
## smoking_status=former smokers       9.171267
## smoking_exposure_at_home=Yes        8.484807
## Cough=Yes                           8.385634
## Emergency_last_year=Yes             7.881895
## Hosptalization_last_year=Yes        7.561267
## smoking_status=current smoker       7.060895
## Recurrent_wheeze=Yes                6.683007
## severe_asthma=Yes                   5.895132
## Ever_rhinitis=Yes                   5.564967
## gina_steps=step4 or 5               5.328913
## allergen_triggered_asthma=No        4.084912
## gina_control=uncontrolled           4.072070
## nasal_plyposis=Yes                  3.598298
## urbanization_level=No               3.343106
## household_damage=No                 3.302648
## gina_control=partially controlled   2.405041
## household_damage=Yes               -3.302648
## urbanization_level=Yes             -3.343106
## nasal_plyposis=No                  -3.598298
## allergen_triggered_asthma=Yes      -4.084912
## Ever_rhinitis=No                   -5.564967
## gina_control=controlled            -5.619224
## severe_asthma=No                   -5.895132
## Recurrent_wheeze=No                -6.683007
## Hosptalization_last_year=No        -7.561267
## Emergency_last_year=No             -7.881895
## Cough=No                           -8.385634
## smoking_exposure_at_home=No        -8.484807
## education=primary                  -8.882828
## Chronic_productive_cough=No       -10.186954
## familial_allergy=Yes              -10.270708
## smoking_exposure_at_work=No       -11.148978
## dyspenea=No                       -13.193503
## smoking_status=never smoker       -13.267227
## spt_any=Yes                       -13.404878
## XCOPD=No                          -14.548785
## 
## $`1`
##                                      Cla/Mod    Mod/Cla    Global      p.value
## infection_triggered_asthma=No      59.729730 67.3780488 39.050132 1.007907e-75
## weather_triggered_asthma=No        46.821705 92.0731707 68.073879 1.781301e-68
## exertion_triggered_asthma=No       59.322034 64.0243902 37.361478 6.536117e-68
## Breathlessness=No                  55.663430 52.4390244 32.612137 4.705226e-40
## gina_steps=onlys saba or non users 43.257989 84.6036585 67.704485 1.822263e-32
## severe_asthma=No                   39.357683 95.2743902 83.799472 1.289689e-26
## allergen_triggered_asthma=No       41.759881 85.3658537 70.765172 5.887110e-26
## emotion_triggered_asthma=No        37.644342 99.3902439 91.398417 6.490237e-26
## dyspenea=No                        40.215924 90.8536585 78.205805 1.584008e-24
## Recurrent_wheeze=No                40.148448 90.7012195 78.205805 6.232842e-24
## Chronic_productive_cough=No        40.162822 90.2439024 77.783641 2.072044e-23
## irritant_triggered_asthma=No       38.709677 95.1219512 85.065963 6.887756e-22
## Cough=No                           41.686555 79.8780488 66.332454 1.587363e-20
## gina_control=controlled            47.698745 52.1341463 37.836412 1.739316e-20
## XCOPD=No                           38.066465 96.0365854 87.335092 3.390370e-19
## smoking_exposure_at_work=No        41.253264 72.2560976 60.633245 2.526618e-14
## smoking_status=never smoker        42.176871 66.1585366 54.300792 3.368020e-14
## Emergency_last_year=No             37.696665 91.3109756 83.852243 2.460880e-11
## smoking_exposure_at_home=No        43.115438 47.2560976 37.941953 1.500440e-09
## urbanization_level=Yes             41.364136 57.3170732 47.968338 3.098523e-09
## spt_any=Yes                        38.862179 73.9329268 65.857520 5.082243e-08
## Ever_rhinitis=No                   42.691030 39.1768293 31.767810 5.787715e-07
## Hosptalization_last_year=No        35.698448 98.1707317 95.197889 2.694266e-06
## education=primary                  39.670330 55.0304878 48.021108 8.981966e-06
## household_damage=Yes               41.596639 15.0914634 12.559367 1.679959e-02
## Gender=No                          37.565445 43.7500000 40.316623 2.702428e-02
## Gender=Yes                         32.625995 56.2500000 59.683377 2.702428e-02
## household_damage=No                33.614967 84.9085366 87.440633 1.679959e-02
## gina_steps=step3                   17.708333  2.5914634  5.065963 1.946144e-04
## smoking_status=current smoker      19.760479  5.0304878  8.812665 1.185564e-05
## gina_control=partially controlled  29.260090 39.7865854 47.071240 3.667774e-06
## Hosptalization_last_year=Yes       13.186813  1.8292683  4.802111 2.694266e-06
## Ever_rhinitis=Yes                  30.858469 60.8231707 68.232190 5.787715e-07
## smoking_status=former smokers      27.038627 28.8109756 36.886544 9.112187e-08
## gina_steps=step 1 or 2             22.255193 11.4329268 17.783641 6.683721e-08
## spt_any=No                         26.429675 26.0670732 34.142480 5.082243e-08
## urbanization_level=No              28.397566 42.6829268 52.031662 3.098523e-09
## smoking_exposure_at_home=Yes       29.421769 52.7439024 62.058047 1.500440e-09
## gina_control=uncontrolled          18.531469  8.0792683 15.092348 1.067458e-10
## Emergency_last_year=Yes            18.627451  8.6890244 16.147757 2.460880e-11
## education=tertiary                 14.830508  5.3353659 12.453826 4.994630e-13
## smoking_exposure_at_work=Yes       24.396783 27.7439024 39.366755 2.526618e-14
## XCOPD=Yes                          10.833333  3.9634146 12.664908 3.390370e-19
## Cough=Yes                          20.689655 20.1219512 33.667546 1.587363e-20
## irritant_triggered_asthma=Yes      11.307420  4.8780488 14.934037 6.887756e-22
## gina_steps=step4 or 5               5.027933  1.3719512  9.445910 4.463249e-23
## Chronic_productive_cough=Yes       15.201900  9.7560976 22.216359 2.072044e-23
## Recurrent_wheeze=Yes               14.769976  9.2987805 21.794195 6.232842e-24
## dyspenea=Yes                       14.527845  9.1463415 21.794195 1.584008e-24
## emotion_triggered_asthma=Yes        2.453988  0.6097561  8.601583 6.490237e-26
## allergen_triggered_asthma=Yes      17.328520 14.6341463 29.234828 5.887110e-26
## severe_asthma=Yes                  10.097720  4.7256098 16.200528 1.289689e-26
## Breathlessness=Yes                 24.432263 47.5609756 67.387863 4.705226e-40
## exertion_triggered_asthma=Yes      19.882056 35.9756098 62.638522 6.536117e-68
## weather_triggered_asthma=Yes        8.595041  7.9268293 31.926121 1.781301e-68
## infection_triggered_asthma=Yes     18.528139 32.6219512 60.949868 1.007907e-75
##                                        v.test
## infection_triggered_asthma=No       18.414351
## weather_triggered_asthma=No         17.487591
## exertion_triggered_asthma=No        17.413337
## Breathlessness=No                   13.246853
## gina_steps=onlys saba or non users  11.863926
## severe_asthma=No                    10.678038
## allergen_triggered_asthma=No        10.536131
## emotion_triggered_asthma=No         10.526952
## dyspenea=No                         10.221783
## Recurrent_wheeze=No                 10.088157
## Chronic_productive_cough=No          9.969531
## irritant_triggered_asthma=No         9.615346
## Cough=No                             9.286974
## gina_control=controlled              9.277236
## XCOPD=No                             8.955227
## smoking_exposure_at_work=No          7.620517
## smoking_status=never smoker          7.583328
## Emergency_last_year=No               6.675680
## smoking_exposure_at_home=No          6.044317
## urbanization_level=Yes               5.926292
## spt_any=Yes                          5.448409
## Ever_rhinitis=No                     4.998169
## Hosptalization_last_year=No          4.692849
## education=primary                    4.440333
## household_damage=Yes                 2.391065
## Gender=No                            2.211167
## Gender=Yes                          -2.211167
## household_damage=No                 -2.391065
## gina_steps=step3                    -3.725907
## smoking_status=current smoker       -4.380226
## gina_control=partially controlled   -4.629371
## Hosptalization_last_year=Yes        -4.692849
## Ever_rhinitis=Yes                   -4.998169
## smoking_status=former smokers       -5.343593
## gina_steps=step 1 or 2              -5.399472
## spt_any=No                          -5.448409
## urbanization_level=No               -5.926292
## smoking_exposure_at_home=Yes        -6.044317
## gina_control=uncontrolled           -6.457075
## Emergency_last_year=Yes             -6.675680
## education=tertiary                  -7.225445
## smoking_exposure_at_work=Yes        -7.620517
## XCOPD=Yes                           -8.955227
## Cough=Yes                           -9.286974
## irritant_triggered_asthma=Yes       -9.615346
## gina_steps=step4 or 5               -9.893027
## Chronic_productive_cough=Yes        -9.969531
## Recurrent_wheeze=Yes               -10.088157
## dyspenea=Yes                       -10.221783
## emotion_triggered_asthma=Yes       -10.526952
## allergen_triggered_asthma=Yes      -10.536131
## severe_asthma=Yes                  -10.678038
## Breathlessness=Yes                 -13.246853
## exertion_triggered_asthma=Yes      -17.413337
## weather_triggered_asthma=Yes       -17.487591
## infection_triggered_asthma=Yes     -18.414351
## 
## $`2`
##                                     Cla/Mod   Mod/Cla    Global      p.value
## exertion_triggered_asthma=Yes      50.96883 88.970588 62.638522 6.276032e-78
## infection_triggered_asthma=Yes     50.99567 86.617647 60.949868 1.134862e-71
## weather_triggered_asthma=Yes       64.13223 57.058824 31.926121 5.385008e-68
## allergen_triggered_asthma=Yes      59.74729 48.676471 29.234828 5.282532e-43
## Breathlessness=Yes                 45.41895 85.294118 67.387863 3.990275e-38
## irritant_triggered_asthma=Yes      62.54417 26.029412 14.934037 4.091901e-23
## familial_allergy=Yes               45.74812 62.500000 49.023747 1.336596e-18
## emotion_triggered_asthma=Yes       67.48466 16.176471  8.601583 1.115098e-17
## spt_any=Yes                        41.90705 76.911765 65.857520 1.270237e-14
## XCOPD=No                           38.54985 93.823529 87.335092 2.970529e-11
## gina_steps=step 1 or 2             51.63205 25.588235 17.783641 6.747251e-11
## smoking_status=never smoker        41.01069 62.058824 54.300792 3.707076e-07
## gina_steps=step3                   56.25000  7.941176  5.065963 3.307719e-05
## education=primary                  40.43956 54.117647 48.021108 7.179033e-05
## severe_asthma=Yes                  45.92834 20.735294 16.200528 7.760800e-05
## dyspenea=No                        37.85425 82.500000 78.205805 6.260367e-04
## Hosptalization_last_year=No        36.69623 97.352941 95.197889 6.863295e-04
## gina_steps=step4 or 5              47.48603 12.500000  9.445910 8.369174e-04
## smoking_exposure_at_work=No        38.72933 65.441176 60.633245 1.317182e-03
## Recurrent_wheeze=Yes               42.13075 25.588235 21.794195 3.005074e-03
## urbanization_level=No              38.74239 56.176471 52.031662 6.914442e-03
## gina_control=partially controlled  38.56502 50.588235 47.071240 2.193519e-02
## nasal_plyposis=No                  38.02423 60.000000 56.622691 2.644478e-02
## gina_control=uncontrolled          41.60839 17.500000 15.092348 2.991949e-02
## nasal_plyposis=Yes                 33.09002 40.000000 43.377309 2.644478e-02
## urbanization_level=Yes             32.78328 43.823529 47.968338 6.914442e-03
## smoking_status=current smoker      25.74850  6.323529  8.812665 3.635641e-03
## Recurrent_wheeze=No                34.14305 74.411765 78.205805 3.005074e-03
## smoking_exposure_at_work=Yes       31.50134 34.558824 39.366755 1.317182e-03
## Hosptalization_last_year=Yes       19.78022  2.647059  4.802111 6.863295e-04
## dyspenea=Yes                       28.81356 17.500000 21.794195 6.260367e-04
## smoking_status=former smokers      30.75823 31.617647 36.886544 3.578173e-04
## severe_asthma=No                   33.94207 79.264706 83.799472 7.760800e-05
## gina_control=controlled            30.26499 31.911765 37.836412 6.474887e-05
## XCOPD=Yes                          17.50000  6.176471 12.664908 2.970529e-11
## education=tertiary                 15.67797  5.441176 12.453826 3.037803e-13
## spt_any=No                         24.26584 23.088235 34.142480 1.270237e-14
## emotion_triggered_asthma=No        32.90993 83.823529 91.398417 1.115098e-17
## familial_allergy=No                26.39752 37.500000 50.976253 1.336596e-18
## gina_steps=onlys saba or non users 28.60483 53.970588 67.704485 2.811405e-21
## irritant_triggered_asthma=No       31.20347 73.970588 85.065963 4.091901e-23
## Breathlessness=No                  16.18123 14.705882 32.612137 3.990275e-38
## allergen_triggered_asthma=No       26.02535 51.323529 70.765172 5.282532e-43
## weather_triggered_asthma=No        22.63566 42.941176 68.073879 5.385008e-68
## infection_triggered_asthma=No      12.29730 13.382353 39.050132 1.134862e-71
## exertion_triggered_asthma=No       10.59322 11.029412 37.361478 6.276032e-78
##                                        v.test
## exertion_triggered_asthma=Yes       18.687344
## infection_triggered_asthma=Yes      17.902135
## weather_triggered_asthma=Yes        17.424422
## allergen_triggered_asthma=Yes       13.747356
## Breathlessness=Yes                  12.909277
## irritant_triggered_asthma=Yes        9.901717
## familial_allergy=Yes                 8.802619
## emotion_triggered_asthma=Yes         8.561395
## spt_any=Yes                          7.708782
## XCOPD=No                             6.648024
## gina_steps=step 1 or 2               6.526170
## smoking_status=never smoker          5.083415
## gina_steps=step3                     4.151176
## education=primary                    3.970273
## severe_asthma=Yes                    3.951669
## dyspenea=No                          3.420076
## Hosptalization_last_year=No          3.394983
## gina_steps=step4 or 5                3.340287
## smoking_exposure_at_work=No          3.212210
## Recurrent_wheeze=Yes                 2.967218
## urbanization_level=No                2.700937
## gina_control=partially controlled    2.291488
## nasal_plyposis=No                    2.219617
## gina_control=uncontrolled            2.171155
## nasal_plyposis=Yes                  -2.219617
## urbanization_level=Yes              -2.700937
## smoking_status=current smoker       -2.908158
## Recurrent_wheeze=No                 -2.967218
## smoking_exposure_at_work=Yes        -3.212210
## Hosptalization_last_year=Yes        -3.394983
## dyspenea=Yes                        -3.420076
## smoking_status=former smokers       -3.569387
## severe_asthma=No                    -3.951669
## gina_control=controlled             -3.994800
## XCOPD=Yes                           -6.648024
## education=tertiary                  -7.292711
## spt_any=No                          -7.708782
## emotion_triggered_asthma=No         -8.561395
## familial_allergy=No                 -8.802619
## gina_steps=onlys saba or non users  -9.469517
## irritant_triggered_asthma=No        -9.901717
## Breathlessness=No                  -12.909277
## allergen_triggered_asthma=No       -13.747356
## weather_triggered_asthma=No        -17.424422
## infection_triggered_asthma=No      -17.902135
## exertion_triggered_asthma=No       -18.687344
## 
## 
## Link between the cluster variable and the quantitative variables
## ================================================================
##                            Eta2       P-value
## Age                 0.401308860 1.713477e-211
## pack_years          0.381226938 6.147564e-198
## tlco                0.308406387 3.155157e-152
## kco                 0.289487078 3.864506e-141
## onset_age_asthma    0.277129375 4.691434e-134
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post 0.170767938  1.168361e-77
## Neutrophiles        0.075534558  5.402371e-33
## Reversibility       0.066991845  3.248075e-29
## Basophiles          0.066974672  3.305124e-29
## pd20                0.065987055  8.991640e-29
## Monocytes           0.062037201  4.870691e-27
## FeNO                0.058658324  1.461952e-25
## Eosinophiles        0.057340238  5.492890e-25
## BMI                 0.044609271  1.783394e-19
## Lymphocytes         0.009686685  1.002067e-04
## 
## Description of each cluster by quantitative variables
## =====================================================
## $`0`
##                         v.test Mean in category Overall mean sd in category
## Age                  27.472299     6.505188e+01 4.971821e+01   9.190831e+00
## pack_years           26.833725     2.540905e+01 1.194451e+01   1.807577e+01
## onset_age_asthma     22.842245     3.534168e+01 2.149024e+01   1.892012e+01
## pd20                 10.975641     2.870432e+03 1.952471e+03   1.993718e+03
## Neutrophiles         10.297112     4.361878e+00 3.856132e+00   1.578366e+00
## Monocytes             8.920045     4.752773e-01 4.264011e-01   1.847501e-01
## Reversibility         7.579384     9.399531e+00 7.333086e+00   9.873160e+00
## BMI                   5.652998     2.804147e+01 2.706171e+01   4.802600e+00
## Basophiles            4.399938     3.856887e-02 3.133509e-02   4.954994e-02
## Eosinophiles          3.788147     2.418068e-01 2.196359e-01   1.886639e-01
## Lymphocytes           3.780324     2.074526e+00 1.982802e+00   9.077890e-01
## FeNO                 -2.517790     2.350760e+01 2.550929e+01   2.118177e+01
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post -17.491063     7.102636e-01 7.699727e-01   1.185074e-01
## kco                 -22.352320     8.671352e+01 9.897243e+01   1.449915e+01
## tlco                -23.803875     8.478481e+01 1.001420e+02   1.451667e+01
##                       Overall sd       p.value
## Age                 1.571245e+01 3.763074e-166
## pack_years          1.412548e+01 1.306309e-158
## onset_age_asthma    1.707061e+01 1.745247e-115
## pd20                2.354436e+03  5.004937e-28
## Neutrophiles        1.382643e+00  7.260871e-25
## Monocytes           1.542493e-01  4.660969e-19
## Reversibility       7.675073e+00  3.471989e-14
## BMI                 4.879071e+00  1.576729e-08
## Basophiles          4.628193e-02  1.082819e-05
## Eosinophiles        1.647591e-01  1.517752e-04
## Lymphocytes         6.830395e-01  1.566246e-04
## FeNO                2.238045e+01  1.180938e-02
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post 9.609862e-02  1.676026e-68
## kco                 1.543910e+01 1.146301e-110
## tlco                1.816168e+01 3.045012e-125
## 
## $`1`
##                         v.test Mean in category Overall mean sd in category
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post  11.923228     8.061557e-01 7.699727e-01   6.547478e-02
## tlco                  7.513166     1.044509e+02 1.001420e+02   1.258557e+01
## kco                   4.365788     1.011010e+02 9.897243e+01   1.185596e+01
## pd20                 -3.291206     1.707770e+03 1.952471e+03   2.892721e+03
## Lymphocytes          -3.556162     1.906098e+00 1.982802e+00   5.438038e-01
## FeNO                 -7.845556     1.996448e+01 2.550929e+01   1.225226e+01
## BMI                  -9.055683     2.566645e+01 2.706171e+01   4.260206e+00
## Monocytes            -9.632410     3.794817e-01 4.264011e-01   1.229169e-01
## Neutrophiles        -10.215754     3.410091e+00 3.856132e+00   1.073498e+00
## Eosinophiles        -10.348745     1.657927e-01 2.196359e-01   1.071583e-01
## Reversibility       -10.919501     4.686543e+00 7.333086e+00   4.784212e+00
## Basophiles          -11.218493     1.493902e-02 3.133509e-02   3.369966e-02
## onset_age_asthma    -12.308406     1.485518e+01 2.149024e+01   1.186363e+01
## pack_years          -13.876115     5.754874e+00 1.194451e+01   6.026262e+00
## Age                 -14.971583     4.228963e+01 4.971821e+01   1.366805e+01
##                       Overall sd      p.value
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post 9.609862e-02 8.956965e-33
## tlco                1.816168e+01 5.771430e-14
## kco                 1.543910e+01 1.266651e-05
## pd20                2.354436e+03 9.975901e-04
## Lymphocytes         6.830395e-01 3.763121e-04
## FeNO                2.238045e+01 4.310409e-15
## BMI                 4.879071e+00 1.357152e-19
## Monocytes           1.542493e-01 5.834464e-22
## Neutrophiles        1.382643e+00 1.685626e-24
## Eosinophiles        1.647591e-01 4.240090e-25
## Reversibility       7.675073e+00 9.300574e-28
## Basophiles          4.628193e-02 3.308618e-29
## onset_age_asthma    1.707061e+01 8.161903e-35
## pack_years          1.412548e+01 8.840776e-44
## Age                 1.571245e+01 1.126085e-50
## 
## $`2`
##                         v.test Mean in category Overall mean sd in category
## kco                  16.921281     1.069966e+02 9.897243e+01   1.278873e+01
## tlco                 15.179629     1.086096e+02 1.001420e+02   1.759758e+01
## FeNO                 10.175386     3.250390e+01 2.550929e+01   2.828991e+01
## Basophiles            6.943793     4.120588e-02 3.133509e-02   4.955406e-02
## Eosinophiles          6.662796     2.533529e-01 2.196359e-01   1.759903e-01
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post   4.803610     7.841511e-01 7.699727e-01   7.523409e-02
## Reversibility         3.624378     8.187483e+00 7.333086e+00   7.137742e+00
## BMI                   3.607268     2.760228e+01 2.706171e+01   5.187577e+00
## pd20                 -7.170721     1.433918e+03 1.952471e+03   1.757438e+03
## onset_age_asthma     -9.509211     1.650441e+01 2.149024e+01   1.252902e+01
## Age                 -11.269770     4.427941e+01 4.971821e+01   1.273721e+01
## pack_years          -11.749184     6.847037e+00 1.194451e+01   6.358852e+00
##                       Overall sd      p.value
## kco                 1.543910e+01 3.135346e-64
## tlco                1.816168e+01 4.825049e-52
## FeNO                2.238045e+01 2.553864e-24
## Basophiles          4.628193e-02 3.817099e-12
## Eosinophiles        1.647591e-01 2.686666e-11
## FEV1_FVC_ratio_post 9.609862e-02 1.558304e-06
## Reversibility       7.675073e+00 2.896573e-04
## BMI                 4.879071e+00 3.094381e-04
## pd20                2.354436e+03 7.460355e-13
## onset_age_asthma    1.707061e+01 1.921148e-21
## Age                 1.571245e+01 1.850517e-29
## pack_years          1.412548e+01 7.130402e-32

1.2.3 Radar Plots

radar_plot(labeled_original_data = results_cluster_data, clusters = results_cluster_data$clusters)

1.2.4 parallel box plots

1.2.5 parallel coordinate plot